repression refers to the idea that unpleasant thoughts; a theory is a way of explaining observations.; flashbulb memories have been proven to be more accurate and lasting than everyday memories.; tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a type of retrieval failure.; relearning requires one to memorize information a second time.; phonemic encoding, where word sounds are emphasized; forgetting takes place only in short-term memory.; dementia refers to a loss of brain function that usually first appears as forgetfulness.