Suppose Fidelity requires applicants for its financial advisor positions to have the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) certification, has no black financial advisors, and very few blacks have the CFA certification. The disparity in Fidelity's hiring of white versus black financial advisors is most likely attributable to ________.
1) Discrimination against black applicants
2) Lack of diversity initiatives at Fidelity
3) Limited availability of black applicants with CFA certification
4) Preference for white applicants