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The role of cyclic AMP is that it acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.
The process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response is known as signal transduction. Proteins that detect stimuli are commonly referred to as receptors, though the term sensor is used in some cases. A biochemical cascade is a chain of biochemical events triggered by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor.
When signaling pathways interact, they form networks that allow cellular responses to be coordinated, frequently through combinatorial signaling events. Such responses at the molecular level include changes in gene transcription or translation, as well as post-translational and conformational changes in proteins, as well as changes in their location. These molecular events are the fundamental mechanisms that govern cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and a variety of other processes. Signal transduction pathways regulate cell communication in a variety of ways in multicellular organisms.
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