The electron transport chain consists of several protein complexes, which are typically arranged in the following order: NADH dehydrogenase,FADH2 dehydrogenase Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, Complex IV,ATP synthase, Cytochrome c oxidase.
NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) donates its electrons to the first component of the electron transport chain, which is usually an enzyme called NADH dehydrogenase. The electrons are then passed from NADH dehydrogenase to the next component of the electron transport chain, which is typically an enzyme called flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) dehydrogenase. The electrons are then passed from FADH2 dehydrogenase to a series of protein complexes known as the electron transport chain. These complexes, which are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, are called Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV. As the electrons pass through these complexes, they release energy, which is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This creates a proton gradient, which is a concentration difference of protons on either side of the membrane. The protons then flow back through a protein called ATP synthase, which uses the energy of the flowing protons to produce ATP, the main source of energy for the cell. Finally, the electrons are passed to the final component of the electron transport chain, which is usually an enzyme called cytochrome c oxidase. This enzyme combines the electrons with oxygen to form water, completing the process of cellular respiration.
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