glycogen synthesis requires a protein primer (glycogenin) and an activated glucose precursor (udp-glucose).
Glycogen phosphorylase is the main regulating enzyme for glycogen breakdown, and research on it has focused on its structure and function. Glycogen synthase, the principal regulator of glycogen production, has a far less well-understood structural makeup.
The glucosyl (Glc) moiety of uridine diphosphate glucose (UDP-Glc) is transformed into glucose by glycogen synthase and then integrated into glycogen via a (14-carbon) glycosidic link. Glycogenin, however, is necessary for glycogen synthase to begin de novo glycogen synthesis because it needs an oligosaccharide primer as a glucose acceptor.
Glycogen storage levels were elevated in a recent study using transgenic mice due to both excessive amounts of glycogen synthase and phosphatase.
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